Proto semitic

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• Arabic (e. [a] Its sound value is a voiceless sibilant, [ ʃ] or [ s] . May 15, 2024 · The products of such comparison are called “reconstructions” and are indicated by placing an asterisk * in front of the word or sound symbol; they describe a hypothetical common parent language (such as Proto-Afro-Asiatic) and its individual daughter languages (e. Victoria Almansa-Villatoro and Silvia Štubňová Nigrelli. " Ugaritic changed certain aspects of *S phonology in one important way. Jun 20, 2022 · Category:Proto-Semitic morphemes: Proto-Semitic word-elements used to form full words. 15–19; Hetzron, 1977, p. Akkadian niprus "we decided" (preterite), niptaras "we have decided" (perfect), niparras "we decide" (non-past), vs. Jun 20, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. Š-L-M. Members of the Semitic group are spread throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia and have played preeminent roles in the linguistic and cultural landscape of the Middle East for more than 4,000 years. " According to William Albright, in his book "The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions And Their Decipherment", the first inscriptions in the category now Apr 1, 1986 · Some Remarks on Proto-Semi~i~ Phonology 4:3 THE DISCOVERY OF UGARITIC Gordon (1955:26) says that "Ugaritic preserves Semitic phonetic structure better than any known language except North and South Arabic. Modern Arabic is considered to be a sub-branch of the central group of Western Semitic languages, extending the relationship between Arabic and the other Semitic languages. , Proto-Chadic or Proto-Semitic), or a hypothetical common sound of origin. e. Contents Feb 15, 2024 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. Dec 23, 2011 · The handbook The Semitic Languages offers a comprehensive reference tool for Semitic Linguistics in its broad sense. Jan 1, 2021 · Then, the speakers of one of the affiliates of the proto-Semitic language migrated from Asia (South Arabia) to Ethiopia (Ehret, 1988, p. ʔarṣ́-. kalb-. šabṭ-. Indo-Semitic languages. [2] No extant "Phoenician" inscription is older than Jun 20, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ ʔaḥad-. Derived stems (also called D stems) are a morphological feature of verbs common to the Semitic languages. May 17, 2018 · From "Shemi," Hebrew word from the name of Shem, son of Noah, who, according to Biblical tradition, was the eponymous ancestor of the Semites. These groups are known as stems, forms, or binyān-îm (singular binyān ), a Hebrew term. Cf. Proto-Semitic had an additional form, the jussive, which was distinguished from the preterite only by the position of stress: the jussive had final stress while the preterite had non-final (retracted) stress. , Adams, D. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. ʔaḥad-. [3] The culture was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. The most basic form is called the G-stem (from the German Grundstamm ‘master stem’). Examples of such languages are Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew. The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the purportedly distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European languages. ʕayn-. Languages of the Ancient Near East. Huehnergard reconstructs the lemma as * ṯin (ā) - to reflect both the Akkadian and West Semitic roots. May 26, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ ḏiʔb-. baʕl-. Information from its description page there is shown below. A feminine by-form (likely a singulative) can be reconstructed at the Jan 1, 2021 · Wikidata. ʔantum. Jul 19, 2017 · Arabic terms inherited from Proto-Semitic‎ (0 c, 295 e) Pages in category "Arabic terms derived from Proto-Semitic" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 358 total. Punic. Testen reconstructs * ṯn -, with an initial consonant cluster, which accounts for the r forms in Aramaic and Jun 6, 2024 · حَرْب • (ḥarb) f (plural حُرُوب (ḥurūb)) ( countable and uncountable) war. However, Al-Jallad (2014: 52) raises the possibility that the [st] reflex of Arabic *ṣ could be the result of a substrate influ-ence rather than reflecting Proto-Semitic *cʾ. Q98021726. Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings Sep 1, 2022 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. sion of the Proto-Semitic glottalized affricate *cʾ, can be found in subsequent surveys and seems to be generally accepted, as in Watson (2011, 2018). Nov 9, 2023 · Kogan reconstructs * layliy - to account for the Ge'ez form, whereas Fox reconstructs the reduplicated form * laylay- and the triradical form * layl - as coexisting in Proto-Semitic. The Serabit el-Khadim proto-Sinaitic inscriptions are about 30 early alphabetic inscriptions in proto-Sinaitic script found at or in the vicinity of Serabit el-Khadim on the Sinai Peninsula . Dec 22, 2022 · This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. Nov 4, 2023 · Huehnergard reconstructs this item as * wariḫ-, with the unbound form * wariḫum alternating with the bound form * warḫu. Shin - Lamedh - Mem is a triconsonantal root of many Semitic words (many of which are used as names). In the reconstruction of Proto-Semitic and in the study of modern Semitic dialects, by contrast, the notation of the Inter-national Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) enjoys increasing popularity: ħ, x, and ɣ thus correspond to their traditional counterparts ḥ, ḫ, and ġ; θ, ð, and ʃ to traditional t ¯, d ¯ Jul 26, 2023 · This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. There are also some differences between Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ šabṭ-. Hebrew terms that originate from Proto-Semitic . Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/miʔat-T. Original file ‎ (SVG file, nominally 64 × 64 pixels, file size: 2 KB) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. It is not restricted to comparative Grammar, although it covers also comparative aspects, including classification. [1] [2] There are two lines of evidence to reconstruct Proto-Arabic: Evidence of Arabic becomes more frequent in the 2nd century BC, with the documentation of Arabic names in the Jun 14, 2024 · Sometimes reconstructed as * malik- to account for the Arabic form, which is otherwise irregular and perhaps the lack of vowels in Semitic scripts accounts for such irregularities. Dental/sibilant shifts are still happening in the modern dialects. Aug 31, 2022 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ ʕayn-. Proto-West Semitic is a reconstructed language. Al-Jallad argues in favor of the reduplicated form underlying all the attested reflexes. It is first attested in proper names identified as Amorite in the Middle Bronze Age. P. 16). the se letter used for spelling the word nigūś "king") is reconstructed as descended from a Proto-Semitic Shin (also spelled Šin ( šīn) or Sheen) is the twenty-first and penultimate letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn ש, Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn س . suffix-conjugated parsānu "we are/were/will be deciding" (stative). kabkab-. As we have no texts from any Semitic language older than 5,500 years ago, reconstructions of Proto-Semitic are inferred from these more recent Semitic texts. šamaʕ-. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 82-83: “ Proto-Semitic *mVtk- ‘sweet’ ” "The correspondences between Indo-European and Semitic are generally explained as flowing from Semitic into Indo-European at the level of the Aug 29, 2022 · Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. Flinders Petrie, 1906, Researches in Sinai O my god, 「rescue」 [me] 「from」 the interior of the mine. Aug 30, 2022 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. Since the term Semitic itself represents a rough category when referring to cultures, as opposed to languages, the definitive bounds of the term "ancient Semitic religion" are only Kogan, Leonid. Chapter 1. File:Proto-semiticE-01. Among the Hittites, El was known as Elkunirsa (Hittite: 𒂖𒆪𒉌𒅕𒊭 Elkunīrša). t. Proto-Semitic is the ancestral language of all the Semitic languages, and in traditional reconstructions possessed 29 consonants; 6 monophthong vowels, consisting of three qualities and two lengths, */a aː i iː u uː/, in which the long vowels occurred only in open syllables; and two diphthongs */aj aw/. The table provides examples of the relation between basic and derived Proto-Afroasiatic homeland. Al-Jallad The chaptercloses with a discussion of the lexicon as a tool of genealogical classification. ʔalp-. 고대 셈족 종교의 기원은 메소포타미아 신화 와 서로 간에 밀접히 관련되어 있다. ʔil-. (a) the Proto-Sinaitic script when found in Canaan, dating to about the 17th century BCD and later. Based on the elements of Common Germanic vocabulary and syntax which do not seem to have cognates in other Indo-European languages, it claims that Proto-Germanic may have been either a creole or a contact language that subsumed a The Proto-Semitic writing system became the foundation of the alphabetic and syllabic writing systems used in a variety of unrelated languages of Europe, Middle East, Africa, Americas, and many parts of Asia. A borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”) has been suggested, perhaps by way of an Anatolian language, but runs into phonetic and semantic problems that are difficult to resolve. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 64 × 64 pixels. Specific deities known as ' El, ' Al or ' Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia. [1] They form the western branch of the South Semitic languages, itself a sub-branch of Semitic, part of the Afroasiatic language family . Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa. Apr 29, 2009 · The evolution of languages provides a unique opportunity to study human population history. [1] The feminine is ʾilāhat ( إلاهة, meaning "goddess"); with the article, it appears as al-ʾilāhat ( الإلاهة ). As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Proto-Berber was an Afroasiatic language, and thus its descendant Berber languages are cousins to the Egyptian language, Cushitic languages, Semitic languages, Chadic languages, and the Omotic languages. It demonstrated that Arabic z can correspond to either Ugaritic z or May 20, 2024 · Semitic verbs are classified into various groups on the basis of the configuration of the stem. Nearly all alphabetic scripts used throughout the world today ultimately go back to this Semitic script. The bracketed insertion in the paragraph above was justified by the research of Harris and Hone in which they discovered that twenty one of twenty-two Canaanite/Phoenician sound signs are clearly of archaic origin; i. Semitic studies, or Semitology, is the academic field dedicated to the studies of Semitic languages and literatures and the history of the Semitic-speaking peoples. Feb 29, 2024 · נֶפֶשׁ • (néfesh) f (plural indefinite נְפָשׁוֹת, singular construct נֶפֶשׁ־, plural construct נַפְשׁוֹת־) [pattern: קֶטֶל] a soul, psyche (spirit of a person or animal) life (the state of being alive, of living) a person (human being) will ( intent, volition) ( dated) breath. /ḍ/ and /ẓ/). It demonstrated that Arabic z can correspond to either Ugaritic z or Hebrew. Unlike Hetzron (1977), the present work classifies Muher under Western Gurage, and Mäsqan under North Gurage. The Proto-Semitic diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ are realized as /eː/ and /oː/. Derived stem. tatruku l-ḥurūbu ʔaṯaran Ethio-Semitic (also Ethiopian Semitic, Ethiosemitic, Ethiopic or Abyssinian [2]) is a family of languages spoken in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan. Mar 8, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ śamš-. by John Huehnergard. By comprising a chapter on typology and sections with sociolinguistic focus and language contact, the conception of the book aims at a rather complete, unbiased Mar 26, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ kabkab-. Languages are said to be genetically related when they meet two criteria: they match in phonology, vocabulary, and grammar in such a way that they can be systematically related to a common protolanguage, and the matches can… Proto-Sinaitic, also referred to as Sinaitic, Proto-Semitic Proto-Canaanite, Old Canaanite, or Canaanite, is a term for both a Middle Bronze Age (Middle Kingdom) script attested in a small corpus of inscriptions found at Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, and the reconstructed common ancestor of the Paleo-Hebrew, Phoenician and South Arabian scripts (and, by extension, of most Proto-Semitic: [noun] the assumed ancestral language of the Semitic languages. Mar 29, 2024 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ baʕl-. Ilah. śamš-. Afroasiatic languages are today mostly Apr 29, 2024 · Notes on Semitic Romanization: â, ê, ô stand for the vowels of father [ɑ], day [e] and core [ɒ] in British English. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. 언어사적인 아닌 문화사적으로 셈족 이라는 낱말은 The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. svg. Its earliest known form is in the name of Shalim, the ancient god of dusk of Ugarit. , Proto-Chadic or Proto-Semitic), or a hypothetical common sound of origin. Contents Proto-Semitic */θ/ */ð/ are reflected in Aramaic as */t/, */d/, whereas they became sibilants in Hebrew (the number three is שלוש šālôš in Hebrew but תלת tlāṯ in Aramaic, the word gold is זהב zahav in Hebrew but דהב dehav in Aramaic). Publication Name: Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins, ed. A quadriliteral is a consonantal root containing a sequence of four consonants (instead of three consonants, as is more often the case). "6. The Arabic word for God ( Allāh) is thought to be derived Apr 24, 2024 · Unknown. The basic vocabulary of Proto-Semitic: form and meaning was published in Genealogical Classification of Semitic on page 27. c. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities. Dec 22, 2022 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ miʔat-. Page Numbers: 139–60. e. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel. v. Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology" In The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook edited by Stefan Weninger, 54-151. Purpose and scope The present outline aims to provide an up-to-date introduction to the lexical recon-struction of Proto-Semitic (PS). Pages in category "Proto-Semitic verbs" The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. 1 day ago · ^ Mallory, J. 1. Aug 30, 2022 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ šamaʕ-. Introduction 1. Possibly inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic and cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵜⵔⵉ (itri) and Proto-Chadic *təra (whence In Proto-Semitic, still largely reflected in East Semitic, prefix conjugations are used both for the past and the non-past, with different vocalizations. [1] The root meaning translates to "whole, safe, intact, unharmed, to go free, without blemish". Publication Date: 2023. Based on this assumption, today, many scholars believe that Ethiosemitic languages descended from the Proto-Semitic Proto-Afroasiatic. Semites are people of the Middle East and Africa who speak one of the Semitic languages, which are branches of the Afro-Asiatic family. The theory is not widely accepted by contemporary linguists, but historically, it had a Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic languages comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant. Quadriliteral roots. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma ( Σ) (which in Mar 1, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. A person may be called a Semiticist or a Semitist, both terms being equivalent. From the book Genealogical Classification of Semitic. Category:Proto-Semitic multiword terms: Proto-Semitic lemmas that are a combination of multiple words, including idiomatic combinations. Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ mut-. Antonyms: سِلْم (silm), سَلَام (salām) تَتْرُكُ ٱلْحُرُوبُ أَثَرًا طَوِيلَ ٱلْأَمَدِ عَلَى ٱلْمُجْتَمَعَاتِ ٱلْمُتَضَرِّرَةِ. That must have happened earlier than in Biblical Hebrew since the resultant long vowels are not marked with the semivowel letters (bēt "house" was written 𐤁𐤕 ‎ bt, in contrast to Biblical Hebrew בית ‎ byt). The West Semitic languages significantly reshaped the system. Proto-Canaanite is the name given to the. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press/Eisenbrauns. In Arabic, ilah refers to anyone or anything that is worshipped. Mar 8, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ ʔarṣ́-. It includes Assyriology, Arabic, Hebraist, Syriacist, Mandaean, and Ethiopian studies, as well as Apr 1, 1986 · Some Remarks on Proto-Semi~i~ Phonology 4:3 THE DISCOVERY OF UGARITIC Gordon (1955:26) says that "Ugaritic preserves Semitic phonetic structure better than any known language except North and South Arabic. , they retain a clear correspondence to Proto-Canaanite and Proto-Sinaitic. Proto-Berber or Proto-Libyan is the reconstructed proto-language from which the modern Berber languages descend. Jun 20, 2022 · Proto-Semitic terms that indicate actions, occurrences or states. Contents Proto-Arabic language. Proto-Indo-European *ĝlh̥ 3 (wos) > language of Afanasievo 고대 셈족 종교 (ancient Semitic religion)는 고대 근동 과 북동 아프리카 에서 셈어 를 말하던 민족들의 다신교 적 종교를 가리킨다. miʔat-. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested , but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Jan 1, 2021 · Proto-Semitic is a reconstructed language. Category:Proto-Semitic nouns: Proto-Semitic terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas. The original Proto-Semitic writing system was only consonantal, and the early writings did not indicate word or sentence boundaries. A quadriliteral form is a word Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology" In The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook edited by Stefan Weninger, 54-151. 354; Gragg, 1997, p. Q. The oldest coherent texts are in Ugaritic, dating to the Late Bronze Age, which by the time of the The history of the alphabet goes back to the consonantal writing system used to write Semitic languages in the Levant during the 2nd millennium BCE. Geʽez has phonologized labiovelars , descending from Proto-Semitic biphonemes. Geʽez ś ሠ Sawt (in Amharic, also called śe-nigūś , i. As of 2012, the Cushitic languages with over one million speakers were Oromo, Somali, Beja, Afar, Hadiyya . The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *ʔil-. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 207 Semitic group is a separate branch directly derived from Proto-Semitic. 2023 Proto-Semitic and Egyptian. 163; Hetzron, 1972, p. [1] Its first origins can be traced back to a Proto-Sinaitic script developed in Ancient File:Proto-semiticA-01. ḏiʔb-. This form has also recently been confirmed in the oldest attested West-Semitic text in Amorite [1] . ʾIlāh ( Arabic: إله; plural: آلهة ʾālihat) is an Arabic term meaning "god". Top – א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כך ל מם נן ס ע פף צץ ק ר ש ת. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2012. The semantic extension from "moon" to "month" is comparable to those of Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s and Proto-Japonic *tukuy, since the moon's orbital period was used for defining a month. It also suggests some modifications on the internal classification of Ethio-Semitic languages proposed by Hetzron (1977). Apr 8, 2024 · Various tentative forms are given below to account for the descendants, many of which seem to have incorporated a dual suffix. Other resolutions: 240 × 240 pixels | 480 × 480 pixels | 768 × 768 pixels | 1,024 × 1,024 pixels | 2,048 × 2,048 pixels. With 57,500,000 total speakers as of 2019, including around Ugaritic is an inflected language, and as a Semitic language its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Classical Arabic and Akkadian. kinnār-. May 7, 2024 · From the full Akkadian form Arabic سُمَّان (summān, “quail”) could only be borrowed, alternatively -ān- is a West Semitic addition and we have to reconstruct *šawm- respectively *sₓawm-, however compare *ʔirbay-, *ʔirbayān- (“locust”) where Arabic and Eblaite point to an archaism in *-ān-, and in either case, the Sep 25, 2023 · Arabic is descended from a language known as Proto-Semitic. Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples or Proto-Semitic people were speakers of Semitic languages who lived throughout the ancient Near East and North Africa, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and Carthage from the 3rd millennium BC until the end of antiquity, with some, such as Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Jews, Mandaeans, and The idea that Semitic languages derived from one original language (by German philologists sometimes called Ursemitisch or proto-Semitic, and that the peoples speaking these languages were descended from one people, exercised considerable influence and caused some confusion. These derived verb stems are sometimes called augmentations or forms of the verb, or are identified by their Hebrew name binyan (literally meaning "construction"), and sometimes correspond with additional semantic meaning such The Proto-Semitic "emphasis" in Geʽez has been generalized to include emphatic p̣ /pʼ/. The origin of Semitic and the nature of dispersals by Semitic-speaking populations are of great importance to our understanding of the ancient history of the Jul 8, 2023 · This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. May 20, 2024 · Semitic languages, languages that form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. Jun 27, 2024 · Additional comparanda in Proto-Semitic *kallatu ‘daughter-in-law, bride’ (where *-at-is the Semitic female ending) and perhaps North Dravidian (*qali ‘female relative’) give further weight to a (south)western origin (Illič-Svityč, Reference Illič-Svityč 1971: 295–296; Bjørn, Reference Bjørn 2017: 55–56). Proto-Arabic is the name given to the hypothetical reconstructed ancestor of all the varieties of Arabic attested since the 9th century BC. The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Apr 22, 2022 · Additional comparanda in Proto-Semitic *kallatu ‘daughter-in-law, bride’ (where *-at-is the Semitic female ending) and perhaps North Dravidian (*qali ‘female relative’) give further weight to a (south)western origin (Illič-Svityč, 1971: 295–296; Bjørn, 2017: 55–56). Jun 20, 2022 · Pages in category "Proto-Semitic numerals" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. 641; Fleming, 1968, p. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. ’l「ḫlṣ」[n]「b」t「k」nqb Text 350 Steliform rock panel column ii, left column gives a picture of the situation of the miners. paʔr-. 1. It emerged from Proto-Semitic in the Early Bronze Age. Oct 22, 2023 · Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/mut- - Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/. Reconstructions are arranged by semantic groups, suchas body parts, animals, plants, colors, etc. M. [1] proto-Sinaitic: [adjective] of or relating to an early Semitic alphabet known only from fragmentary inscriptions from Sarabit el Khadem in the Sinai peninsula and thought to date from about 1500 b. ; a, e, i, o and u stand for the vowels of hat [a], get [ɛ], heat [i], hot [ɔ] and fool [u]. As a result of this relationship, Arabic is firmly placed in the Afro-Asian group of world languages. The Indo-Semitic hypothesis maintains that a genetic relationship exists between Indo-European and Semitic languages, and that the Indo-European and the Semitic language families both descend from a common root ancestral language. g. [1] (b) a hypothetical ancestor of the Phoenician script before some cut-off date, typically 1050 BC, with an undefined affinity to Proto-Sinaitic. Natufian culture ( / nəˈtuːfiən / [1]) is a Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Neolithic prehistoric [2] Levant in Western Asia, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), three cases for nouns and adjectives ( nominative, accusative, and genitive [also, note the possibility of a locative case]) ; three numbers Serabit el-Khadim proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. The Proto-Afroasiatic homeland is the hypothetical place where speakers of the Proto-Afroasiatic language lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into separate distinct languages. th zc mt yb ev wp ak yq hx cs