Python print bytes as binary

Python print bytes as binary. For example, let's assume that we have the following: a = bytearray(b'\x10\x10\x10') Then: a) I would like to display a in its binary form, such as b = 0b100000001000000010000. " Similarly, revert regions of bits, apply logic One tip: you should be able to call uuid. format(ord(byte)) '01100001'. 1 to N with space padding so that all fields take the same width as the binary value. 10. The idea is explicitly dismissed in the PEP: For the same reason that we don't support bytes. The standard bitwise operations are demonstrated below. hex method since Python 3. Its interesting because if you look at Nov 30, 2016 · print() takes unicode text and encodes that to an encoding suitable for your terminal. raw_input("Press Enter to continue") byte = f. If data is bytes, write to stdout using sys. There needs to be a standard, portable, documented way to put stdout into binary mode in order to write binary output. Jun 22, 2020 · The integers are first converted into binary and then operations are performed on bit by bit, hence the name bitwise operators. The 'b' prefix in Python string literals is used to create a bytes literal. send(my_bytes) Follow the protocol specification and create byte after byte. The bytes in the new object are the bytes represented by the shortstringitem or longstringitem parts of the literal, in the same order. Some tasks include: Turn "11011000111101" into bytes, (padded left or right, 0 or 1,) and vice versa. So b"\x00\x00\x02\x01" would be 000 0000 000 0000 000 0010 000 0001. """. read(1) if byte == "": break print byte Jun 2, 2016 · Generally bytearray class will be your friend (if I understand your question correctly). 014114164661833684 @swdev: The example uses a chunksize of 8192 Bytes. This given code demonstrates how to read binary data from a file into a byte array and then To read binary data into a binary array print the data using a while loop. So its neither a hex or a binary number, it's a list of bytes. 7. If you want a true str out then you can . 2+, you can also accomplish this using the from_bytes native int method: file_size = int. I like python f-string formatting for a little more complex things like using a parameter in format: >>> x = 5 >>> n = 8 >>> print(f"{x:0{n}b}") 00000101 Here I print variable x with following formatting: I want it to be left-filled with 0 to have length = n, in b (binary) format. Below are some of the methods to convert binary data to float in Python: Using struct Module; Using int. def utf8len(s): return len(s. As for timestamps, if you want to perform time/date manipulation in SQL it's often easier to deal with real TIMESTAMP types. The block of code at the top can be simplified to just: As of Python 3. Computers store all kinds of information as a stream of binary digits called bits. return bits_value. Feb 8, 2024 · Method 2: Using Built-in Types. bytes to get the raw bytes. See this question: How to set sys. Multiply the decimal object by a power of 2 to get an integer. The proposed syntax provides a cleaner migration path from Python 2. 014521426401399307 Testing with 255-byte bytearray: Using str. Feb 7, 2018 · You can treat the bytes class as an iterable, and you can access its elements as you would with a simple string like: read_bytes = b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05'. An intuitive method to print a list of bytes is by iterating through the list using a for loop and printing each element. 0. encoding before writing. This works just opposite to the encode. That is, say: "rotate bits 13-17, wrapping around the edges," or, "rotate bits 13-17, lose bits on the one side, set all new bits to 0. E. replace('b', '0')) Sep 28, 2020 · 1. If you want to convert bytes to printable hex in Python, use the bytes. If you want to use it without leading zeros you can May 26, 2014 · To answer the second part of your question, to convert to binary you can use a format string and the ord function: >>> byte = 'a'. to_bytes (byte_number, byte_order) function, where byte_order is taken as “big” and byte_number is taken as the number of bytes that Jun 6, 2015 · 240. Jan 12, 2013 · The community reviewed whether to reopen this question last year and left it closed: Original close reason (s) were not resolved. – Apr 18, 2021 · 2. format -> 1. This method needs Python 2. hex() method, so no module is required to convert from raw binary data to ASCII hex. The default __str__ function of bytes, which is used when you call print(a) tries to decode the bytes to string, that's why you're seeing the letter d. # Python binary string with 'b' prefix bs = b'Hello, Python!' print (bs) Output: In Python 3. buffer to bypass the io. The byte is used to store many data formats such as audio files, video files, and images. 443447684109402 Using format -> 1. e. This will read from standard input and write the hex representation to standard output. You can adjust it to open and read from a file (remember to open with mode 'rb') or take a file argument or whatever meets your needs. A Binary String is only made up of 0’s and 1’s. Created using Sphinx 7. Apr 16, 2024 · How to Convert Bytes to a Str to in Python. Whether you’re working with text, images, or videos, they all boil down to ones and zeros. 9) It’s not a widely known fact, but bitwise operators can perform operations from set algebra, such as union, intersection, and symmetric difference, as well as merge and update dictionaries. read(1) If you want to print single bytes until the end of file, consider: while True: byte = f. Let’s delve into the fundamentals of Python’s bytes data type and binary data in general. This doesn't have a direct equivalent to the chr() function, but the bytes constructor can take a list of byte values. You can also use the new bin function to get the binary representation of a number: >>> bin(173) '0b10101101'. Oct 15, 2015 · type(raw_binary_data) == bytes. If you care about Python 3. 1415927410125732. import binascii. pack('!f', num)) That packs it as a network byte-ordered float, and then converts each of the resulting bytes into an 8-bit binary representation and concatenates them out: Apr 26, 2021 · If the idea is to return only 2-digit hex values, then this question implies the use of byte strings (i. If you want the number of bytes in a string, this function should do it for you pretty solidly. Convert the result to binary by calling the bin() function. That idea is long obsolete. 6 you can express binary literals using the prefix 0b or 0B: >>> 0b101111. Apr 15, 2019 · You can define a local function called _print (or even override the system print function by naming it print) as follows: import sys. , a byte 127 (base 10: decimal) that you can represent as Apr 12, 2013 · Python Byte doesn't print binary. encode('utf-8')) The reason you got weird numbers is because encapsulated in a string is a bunch of other information due to the fact that strings are actual objects in python. 7, bytes objects don't have an encode() method; the following code doesn't work anymore. The primary problem is that an object's __format__() method may return Unicode data that is not compatible with a bytes string. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer. encode ('utf-8'). The key bit to understand is: (n & (1 << i)) and 1. Main issue is want to print 2 bytes, but need to escape the b' char that appears on the screen so I can have only the hex value there. format(c) for c in struct. I'm printing like this and this is the results: Sep 27, 2014 · If you want to write the byte to a binary file, you can do that just as well with a byte array of length 1. 8. I. It just means you come to stackoverflow looking for copy paste code without acually knowing what youre doing or attempting to understand even a modicum of the code you write. Other operations on binary data, specifically in relation to file formats and network p No. 2. The most modern would be using subprocess. Don't confuse bytes and their text representation: print(raw_binary_data) would show you the text representation of the data e. 4+, ints are automatically converted to Python longs when they overflow 32 bits (signed). replace() method and replace each occurrence of 'b' with '0'. The function is used to convert from the encoding scheme, in which the argument string is encoded to the desired encoding scheme. To truly master Python bytes, it’s essential to understand what bytes are and why they’re so important in computing. read_bytes[2] # 3. The parameter for the file. b) I would like to be able to select some bits from the previous data (where Python bitwise operators are defined for the following built-in data types: int. join('{:0>8b}'. That means that each byte in the input will get converted to two ascii characters. set and frozenset. Sep 13, 2011 · related: b2a_bin extension in Cython allows to create binary strings ("01") directly from bytestrings without creating an intermediate Python integer. It works just like the encode() variable: attach the variable to be converted using dot notation and specify the encoding type as the method's parameter. stdout encoding in Python 3? Write the encoded bytes directly to sys. 0b010010) print(bin(22)) Bytes to Integer Feb 1, 2024 · The formula is straightforward: Bits = Bytes × 8. In Python (3) at least, if a binary value has an ASCII representation, it is shown instead of the hexadecimal value. write(bytes([0xAA])) Oct 18, 2012 · Use bit-wise XOR to flip the bits and then add 1. If there's a third-party library that can help Sep 12, 2020 · For unicode (utf-8), the length of each character can be 1-4 bytes so it's difficult to determine the exact binary representation. Let’s start by understanding how to read binary numbers in Python. The string is as below: <81>^Q<81>"^Q^@^[)^G ^Q^A^S^A^V^@<83>^Cd<80><99>}^@N^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@j How do I go about converting this string in Python so that the output in hex format is similar to this below? Apr 18, 2022 · I'm using a python3 program for binary exploitation, but it's not printing bytes correctly. format(binary)) Which outputs: 010. python. Using `print()` to write to file opened in binary mode. Example. Oct 6, 2013 · Testing with 255-byte bytes: Using str. If you want to write raw bytes, you'll have to write to sys. Here is a quick and dirty example, where I use a namedtuple to hold the extra data. import struct def binary(num): return ''. Input and Output ¶. Binary numbers are represented with the prefix 0b followed by a sequence of 0s and 1s. How to print python Byte variable? 1. Mar 26, 2014 · Four consecutive bytes in a byte string together specify some value. Let’s explain the code step-by-step: Open the Binary File. Example: Python3. python how to Aug 25, 2023 · Reading binary data into a byte array. Nov 22, 2015 · print(i. encode('hex') Instead of encode() , Python 3. print('שלום Oct 26, 2014 · Show hex value for all bytes, even when ASCII characters are present. There are several ways to present the output of a program; data can be printed in a human-readable form, or written to a file for future use. As @Yellen mentioned, it may be easier to just convert the file bytes to binary. See Format Specification Mini-Language from previous answers for Feb 20, 2024 · In this tutorial, we’ll explore the basics of binary numbers, bitwise math, and operations, as well as working with bytes and bitmasks in Python. Print a single byte as hex in Python 3. Sep 5, 2023 · Binary Strings in Python. bytes_val = (b'\x80\x00', 14) the bytes in index zero need to be converted to bit string of length as indicated by the second element (14 in this case) and formatted as groups of 8 bits like below. I am a newbie and have been trying to understand conversion from double to int and then back to int using the following code was posted on the c++ google group. Jan 3, 2012 · The start bytes: struct. I have a bin file which contains binary data stored in bytes. Here's an example: byte_data = b'Hello'. . Python Byte doesn't print binary. read()-function simply specifies the size, i. uuid4(). from_bytes that does exactly what you want: Apr 23, 2023 · A Binary String is used to store data in the form of bytes. But it's best to avoid reading binary files yourself if you can. Worst case you will have to use some arbitrary string message while passing the extra data (binary or otherwise) alongside it. hexlify() will convert bytes to a bytes representing the ascii hex string. unpack is the answer. Here's an example 3 days ago · In addition, see the documentation for Python’s built-in binary data types in Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview. The resulting string is mathematically correct because leading '0' s don’t change the value of the number. When you prefix a string with 'b', you're telling Python to treat the string as binary data. bool. Jul 8, 2011 · 12. Apr 16, 2024 · Explanation: Here, we have binary data b'\x40\x49\x0f\xdb' those we converted into float 3. Sep 13, 2023 · Understanding Python Bytes and Binary Data. binary = bin (positive) print (binary) Returns: '0b1111011'. buffer. 12345 # set the precision to 24 bits. Consider uudecode and similar programs. fileno () Otherwise if you don't care of the encoding just use: import sys. Or, for the sake of legibility, 10 000 0001. byte1 = int('11110000', 2) # 240. Using Decode () function to convert bytes to string in Python. bin” in binary mode (‘”rb May 8, 2013 · You can do that with the struct package:. – jfs Nov 16, 2013 at 5:59 For reference— future Python possibilities: Starting with Python 2. 2 days ago · The pickle module implements binary protocols for serializing and de-serializing a Python object structure. This method provides straightforward control over formatting the output. Compact format strings describe the intended conversions to/from Python values. For example, all the flavors of the print command need to be able to send binary data to standard output. close() However, this is not giving me expected results. The function hexlify as well as hex does the job: import binascii a = [1,2,3,4] s = binascii. read_bytes[0] # 1. Which will generate either a 0 or 1 if the i'th bit of n is set. 'hello'. return strVal. 5. Basically, I want to print out a number between 0 and 127 for each byte. Firstly, call int (binary_sting, base) with the base as 2 indicating the binary string. 12. Feb 25, 2014 · while byte != "": print byte. stdout. s. bytes is an immutable sequence of bytes in Python. 2 days ago · This module converts between Python values and C structs represented as Python bytes objects. Apr 23, 2016 · In addition you will probably have to use a custom Formatter and/or Handler. write, otherwise, assume it's str and convert to bytes with utf-8. codeape chose 8192 Byte = 8 kB (actually it's KiB but that's not as commonly known). s=b'0f0000004e52303947303531363400'. # Example: Convert 4 bytes to bits. TextIOBase class and avoid the encoding step, and use a bytes() object to produce bytes from integers: import sys sys. You use str when you want to represent text. Unicode strings must be encoded (e. ファイルフォーマットやネットワークプロトコルなど、その他のバイナリデータ処理については、それぞれの節で解説されています Jan 9, 2016 · Don't confuse an object and its text representation -- REPL uses sys. Here’s an example: byte_list = [b'hello', b'world', b'!'] Output: Jan 19, 2016 · I am trying to use . Binary f-strings would first require a solution for bytes Feb 1, 2021 · The bytes() function in Python creates a bytes object which is immutable - you cannot change it after creation. This should be of type bytes (or compatible such as bytearray or memoryview). check_output and passing text=True (Python 3. Mar 3, 2009 · Since this question is actually asking about subprocess output, you have more direct approaches available. Aug 4, 2016 · Ayman, note that Python has built-in support for arbitrarily long ints, so you don't need a library. Mar 7, 2020 · I have value of the type bytes that need to be converted to BIT STRING. hex method. My program : import struct padding = b" @dsgdfg Just because you didnt understand it doesnt mean its not an answer. Python byte literal. pack('2I',12, 30). May 26, 2009 · 3. stdout at runtime. read(1) finally: f. Mar 31, 2009 · divide intVal by two, rounding down. This also works when you receive data: Aug 16, 2023 · In Python, a byte is a fundamental unit of data that represents a sequence of binary data. Note: For more information, refer to Python Bitwise Operators. displayhook that uses repr() to display bytes in ascii printable range as the corresponding characters but it doesn't affect the value in any way: >>> b't' == b'\x74' True Print bytes to hex. unpack("iiiii", fileContent[:20]) The body: ignore the heading bytes and the trailing byte (= 24); The remaining part forms the body, to know the number of bytes in the body do an integer division by 4; The obtained quotient is multiplied by the string 'i' to create the correct format for the unpack method: Jan 23, 2020 · There is no "encoding scheme" hexdump formats binary data as hex (two nibbles per byte), you've converted the binary contents of the file to a list which yields a list of integers (since that's what bytes are in python). この章で紹介されているモジュールはバイナリデータを扱うための基本的な処理を提供しています。. Rationale. from_bytes() Function; Convert Binary data to Float in Python Using struct Module Sep 5, 2021 · For a positive or negative binary to print it without the '0b' prefix or '-0b' prefix, you can simply use the string. buffer, which bypasses the encoding mechanism used by sys. format() in python I wish to print. How to convert bits into bytes in python? Hot Network Questions Train-validation-test split for small and unbalanced dataset? Sep 15, 2009 · Here's a fairly raw way to do it using bit fiddling to generate the binary strings. However, the first print gives me a smiley face symbol, which I know is not within the first 128 entries in ASCII. format(), you may not combine 'f' with 'b' string literals. ") Output. Aug 17, 2018 · Python Byte doesn't print binary. How to convert a number in Python to 8 binary bytes Feb 27, 2024 · Method 1: Iterating Through the List with a For Loop. This line opens the binary file named “string. print("{:03b}". bytes [5]~ [8] ASCII/UNICODE is NR09. This function is particularly useful when you need to manipulate binary data, work with low-level data structures, or modify existing byte sequences. bytes_value = 4. stdin. 6 or later. Avoid reading binary files if you can. 2 added a method int. to_bytes(4, byteorder='little', signed=True)) # Create bytes from a list of integers with values from 0-255 bytes_from_list = bytes([255, 254, 253, 252]) print(bytes_from_list) # Create a byte from a base 2 integer one_byte = int('11110000', 2) print(one_byte) # Print out binary string (e. Binary representation of floating point numbers. This feature was added in python 3. Then you can use the python inbuilt bin () function to get the binary representation of the 2's complement. read(2), byteorder='big') Note that this function requires you to specify whether the number is encoded in big- or little-endian format, so you will have to determine the endian-ness to make sure it works correctly. g. 3. May 16, 2022 · The walrus operator was added in Python 3. Reset the encoding of your sys. A bytes object is like a string but it uses only byte characters consisting of a sequence of 8-bit integers in the range 0<=x<256. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys. 459474583090427 Using format -> 1. 5: 2 days ago · Input and Output — Python 3. How can I print file contents as Base 2 binary ? For example 10000000 01000000 11000000 , etc. Example: from decimal import Decimal, getcontext. Apr 24, 2022 · I think I would agree: your solution, namely repr(x)[2:-1], produces a str object that will print as wish. In case you would like to specify an encoding in python3 you can still use the bytes command like below: import os. Changing the 3 in {:03b} will change the minimum length of the output (it will add leading zeros if needed). Python’s bitwise operators let you manipulate those individual bits of data at the most granular level. In particular, repr(b'\x01')[2:-1] returns the string \\x01, while decode() will return \x01 which does not work as one would wish with print(). Python3. Python 2 str or Python 3 bytestring), as there is no unequivocal transformation of a character into an integer in 0…255. 5608712609513171 Using binascii. 5809937679100738 Using binascii. This chapter will discuss some of the possibilities. If you're familiar with C(++), then forget everything you've learned about char and strings, because a character is not a byte. read(32) if not data: return. Assuming you're working on Python 3 (you should), this is the way to send a single byte: For several bytes: Jan 15, 2010 · To convert binary string to hexadecimal string, we don't need any external libraries. the number of Bytes to be read. expected output => '10000000 000000'B. hex() print s But the result is '01020304'. Rotate bits, addressed by the bit. # Negative Binary. hexlify -> 0. Bytes are often used to handle raw binary data, such as reading and writing files and more. Convert Binary Data to Float in Python. In this example, we will be using the decode () function. Aug 23, 2023 · In Python, the bytearray() function is a powerful tool that allows you to create a mutable sequence of bytes. 7. A byte is a unit in computer programming that is made up of 8 bits. def _print(data): """. >>> '{0:08b}'. bits_result = bytes_to_bits(bytes_value) print(f"{bytes_value} bytes is equal to {bits_result} bits. x to Python 3000 for most code involving 8-bit strings. append(123) my_bytes. os. Is there a way of serializing and parsing a binary array of protobuf data using Python? We have a C++ application that stores the protobuf messages as binary data in a file. print(bin(-42). decode("ascii") the result. Here we will use a built-in type to convert binary to ASCII value. 3 documentation. byteorder as the byte order value. 4 bytes is equal to 32 bits. Apr 5, 2018 · 1. x, encode only works for codecs that convert Unicode strings to bytes; any codecs that convert the other way around (or any other combination), you have to use codecs. Aug 19, 2015 · Python doesn't traditionally have much use for "numbers in big-endian C layout" that are too big for C. Just keep in mind that's a generic bit of pseudo-code which may not be the most efficient way of doing it though, with the iterations you seem to be proposing, it won't make much difference. This can be useful when you need to work with data at the byte level. dict (since Python 3. 6 (PEP 498) Apr 19, 2020 · The b letter is short for bytes. When trying to read them in python, the output is something like this \xb5D\xbe"jSUk\xe75\x18}@\'%\x89oRqR\xfb\xe9\xe9\. def bytes_to_bits(byte_value): bits_value = byte_value * 8. Motivation ===== With Python 3 and the split between ``str`` and ``bytes``, one small but important area of programming became slightly more difficult, and much more painful -- wire format protocols [3]_. If byteorder is "big", the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. Sep 11, 2015 · I'm making my first python script that opens a file as binary, reads some bytes and based on their values, does something. Feb 23, 2007 · Each evaluation of a bytes literal produces a new bytes object. 1. from_bytes(fin. import struct hex_str = struct. Why are my byte arrays not different even though print() says they are? 2. (If you're dealing with 2-byte, 4-byte, or 8-byte numbers, then struct. this is the bytes i have received,and i would like to convert byte [5] + byte [6] + byte [7] + byte [8] to ASCII readable text. For instance, the binary value of 67 which is ASCII C is show as follows: Whereas for binary values without ASCII representations, they are shown in hex. 7+) to automatically decode stdout using the system default coding: SQL, think of str as NVARCHAR and bytes as BINARY or BLOB; Windows registry, think of str as REG_SZ and bytes as REG_BINARY. ) But enough people got sick of there not being one obvious way to do this that Python 3. my_float = 2023. I want a dump with a space between the bytes like '01 02 03 04'. Jan 9, 2016 · For people on Python 3. We can see that a binary string with the '0b' prefix has been returned. Aug 10, 2021 · 7. If byteorder is "little", the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. Jul 10, 2017 · Python Byte doesn't print binary. To convert bytes back into a hex string, you could use bytes. The method binascii. which will construct your binary string based on the decimal value. How to get a byte given by its code in Python 3? 8. The one that fits your use case the best is the format() method: binary = 0b010. 5 and higher, bytes objects spawned a . by: 63q2o4i02 | last post by: Hi, I'm using python to run some lab equipment using PyVisa. data = chr(n) Python 3 handles binary and text differently, so you need to use the bytes type instead. You have a couple of ways of going about it. Mar 22, 2016 · Python 2 uses strings to handle binary data, so you would use the chr() function to convert the integer to a one-byte string. write(1,bytes('Your string to Stdout','UTF-8')) where 1 is the corresponding usual number for stdout --> sys. What are Bytes? In computing, a byte is the basic unit of information storage and Mar 1, 2019 · 文字列、Byte、Binaryが混乱していたので、ちょっと自分の整理のため。 PythonでByte列を扱う場面は、（1）外部のプログラム等とバイト列で文字列をやりとりする場合（文字列をJsonなどで送受信するとき）、（2）RaspberryPiなどを用いたGPIOの制御の場合。 Jun 11, 2014 · Then, if you print Unicode text using print, it will automatically be converted to cp737 charset and output properly. Here's an example function: def twos_complement(input_number): print(bin(input_number)) # prints binary value of input. This area of programming is characterized by a mixture of binary data and ASCII compatible segments of text (aka ASCII-encoded text). 7 code should use the hex() method, introduced in Python 3. Note that the format pads with the right number of leading zeros, which seems to be your requirement. Another example. Jul 11, 2013 · From pySerial API documentation: write (data) Write the bytes data to the port. I found the following code in the online cookbook (adapted to return a list): binary = lambda n: n>0 and +binary (n>>1) or Python. Slice ranges of bits. You can use the decode() method to convert bytes to a string in Python. I included an snippet that illustrates it. May 23, 2017 · Its not clear what you want to do here, but if you just want to print a single byte, removing the while loop will do that: print f. Jun 3, 2023 · The steps are: Use the decimal module to convert your float to a decimal object with fixed precision. 1. Use formatted string literals (known as f-strings). and then call int. How to convert byte string to bytes in Python? 2. Below is what i have tried till now to produce binary output with standard output. In Python 3, there will only be the int type, but even now in Python 2. 47. “Pickling” is the process whereby a Python object hierarchy is converted into a byte stream, and “unpickling” is the inverse operation, whereby a byte stream (from a binary file or bytes-like object) is converted back into an object hierarchy. When you read a binary file in Python, you'll get back bytes. The modules described in this chapter provide some basic services operations for manipulation of binary data. When you're reading a large binary file, you'll probably want to read it chunk-by-chunk. for byte in data: Nov 9, 2021 · Let’s take a look at how we can turn a positive integer into a binary string using Python: # Convert an integer to a binary string using Python bin() positive = 123. def hexdump(): while True: data = sys. So just use list indexing to access an element with a specific index. encode to do it explicitly: Oct 18, 2011 · I have a string that has both binary and string characters and I would like to convert it to binary first, then to hex. That's the value Mar 1, 2021 · I would like to convert a bytearray in Python 3 in binary data in order to manipulate them. hexlify(bytearray(a)) print s s = bytes(a). append(125) // my_bytes is b'{}' now. Python isolates you from the underlying bits with high-level Sep 5, 2020 · The list of bytes is a bit long, so I want spaces between the bytes to improve readability. Reading Binary Numbers. All of that is working fine. However, only 7 bits in each byte are used; the most significant bit is always zero and therefore its ignored (that makes 28 bits altogether). Apr 20, 2010 · I see the function SerializeAsString in the protobuf Python documentation, but like this suggests, this gives me a string version of the binary data. You can send it via socket: my_bytes = bytearray() my_bytes. zf bm un zr tp hf nn qi ef hq